![]() ![]() In fact, we can almost guarantee that you’ve encountered logical fallacies on social media, especially in the comments under divisive posts. You’ll find logical fallacies just about anywhere you find people debating and using rhetoric, especially in spaces that aren’t academic or professional in nature. Today, our understanding of logical fallacies comes from these sources as well as contributions from later scholars like Richard Whately and Francis Bacon. By Aristotle’s definition, a verbal fallacy is one where the language used is ambiguous or incorrect, and a material fallacy is an argument that involves faulty or flawed reasoning. He identified thirteen fallacies, divided into verbal and material fallacies, in his work Sophistical Refutations. Greek philosopher Aristotle also wrote about logical fallacies. This text, written somewhere between the 6th century BCE and the 2nd century CE and attributed to Akṣapāda Gautama, identified five distinct ways that an argument could be logically flawed. Logical fallacies are likely as old as language itself, but they were first recognized and cataloged as such in the Nyāya-Sūtras, the foundational text of the Nyāya school of Hindu philosophy. ![]() Although both statements can be proven wrong by going outside without a coat and staying perfectly healthy (and by pointing to the proven fact that the only way to catch a cold is to be exposed to a virus ), the first one is simply incorrect, not logically flawed. Then your sister will have to miss class and she’ll get a bad grade and fail her course.Ĭan you spot the logical fallacy in the second argument? It’s a slippery slope fallacy, a position that claims that very specific consequences will follow an action.
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